What flow rate is needed for small hydro?

Micro hydro (<100kW) typically needs 0.05–1 m³/s with significant head. Pico hydro (<5kW) can work with as little as 0.002 m³/s and 10m head, powering a small remote homestead.

What are the main costs of small hydro?

Civil works (penstock, intake, powerhouse) represent 40–60% of costs. Turbine and electrical equipment: 20–30%. Interconnection: 10–20%. Total installed cost: $1,000–5,000/kW for small sites.

Does small hydro require a water rights permit?

Yes — virtually all jurisdictions require water rights and environmental permits for hydro diversions. Low-impact small hydro (run-of-river with fish passages) typically faces fewer regulatory barriers.

Small Hydro Run-of-River Estimate Calculator

Estimate power and annual energy output for a small run-of-river hydroelectric scheme. Calculate penstock sizing, turbine selection, and simple payback.

2D stress state at a point. All stresses in MPa.

σx — Normal Stress X (MPa)

σy — Normal Stress Y (MPa)

τxy — Shear Stress (MPa)

⚙ Mechanical Note: Results are based on standard textbook formulas and ISO/AASHTO references. Always verify critical designs with applicable codes (ISO 898, AASHTO 1993, AISC, Eurocode 3) and a qualified engineer.

How to Use

Enter the values for the scenario you are assessing. Estimate power and annual energy output for a small run-of-river hydroelectric scheme. Calculate penstock sizing, turbine selection, and simple payback. Use the small hydro estimate result to inform your calculation.

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Small Hydro Run-of-River Estimate Calculator

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Frequently Asked Questions

What flow rate is needed for small hydro?

What are the main costs of small hydro?

Does small hydro require a water rights permit?