Interpret serum lactate in the context of shock and tissue hypoperfusion. Normal: below 2 mmol/L. Mild elevation: 2-4 mmol/L (indicates tissue hypoperfusion, requires evaluation). Severe: above 4 mmol/L (associated with significantly increased mortality - 28-day mortality approximately 28-39% in sepsis). Serial lactate clearance above 10% per 2 hours is a treatment target.
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