Interpret pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) as an estimate of left atrial pressure and LVEDP. Normal: 6-12 mmHg. Mild heart failure: 12-18 mmHg. Moderate failure: 19-25 mmHg. Severe failure: above 25 mmHg. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema typically occurs at PCWP above 25 mmHg.
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