What is normal cardiac output?

Normal cardiac output ranges from 4-8 L/min at rest, averaging around 5 L/min for a 70 kg adult.

How is cardiac output measured clinically?

Clinically, cardiac output is measured via thermodilution using a pulmonary artery catheter, or estimated by echocardiography.

Heart failure, hypovolemia, dysrhythmias, and cardiogenic shock all reduce cardiac output.

Calculate cardiac output (CO = HR × SV) to assess heart pumping efficiency in liters per minute.

Use the full interactive calculator below, or

Stroke Volume

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MAP Calculator

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