100 free law calculators and tools. Solve real-world law problems instantly with accurate, step-by-step results on ApexCalc.
⚖ For informational purposes only. Not legal advice. Consult a licensed attorney for your specific situation.
Calculate remaining patent term based on 20-year term from earliest effective filing date (PCT or national application). Accounts for patent term adjustment (PTA) under 35 U.S.C. § 154(b) for USPTO delays.
Calculate SPC duration = marketing authorisation date − filing date − 5 years, capped at 5 years (plus 6-month paediatric extension). EU Regulation 469/2009 framework for medicinal product SPCs.
Score the probability of successful trademark dilution claim (blurring or tarnishment) based on mark distinctiveness, fame, similarity of marks, and actual dilution evidence. Applies US Trademark Dilution Revision Act 2006 and EU Directive 2015/2436 criteria.
Calculate EU copyright expiry date as life of author + 70 years from the end of the year of death. Covers literary, artistic, musical, and dramatic works under EU Directive 2006/116/EC.
Calculate US copyright expiry for works published before 1978 (95 years from publication) and after 1978 (life + 70). Covers works for hire (95 years from publication or 120 from creation, whichever is shorter).
Assess whether 'reasonable measures' to maintain trade secret secrecy are in place under DTSA (US) and EU Directive 2016/943. Scores NDA coverage, access controls, marking, employee policies, and departure protocols.
Calculate a patent's forward citation impact score (normalised by technology field and filing year cohort) as a proxy for technological importance and licensing value. Used in patent portfolio valuation.
Estimate cumulative patent maintenance/renewal fees over the 20-year term for multiple jurisdictions (USPTO, EPO, JPO, CNIPA). Calculates 3.5/7.5/11.5-year USPTO fees and EPO annual renewal fees.
Estimate total patent filing and prosecution cost by jurisdiction: USPTO (~$15,000–25,000 total), EPO (~€12,000–25,000), PCT (~$4,500 filing + national phase costs). Includes government fees and typical attorney fees.
Estimate time from US patent filing to grant based on technology art unit, number of expected office actions, and use of accelerated examination (Track One) or PPH (Patent Prosecution Highway).
Assess whether a liquidated damages clause is enforceable by comparing the pre-estimate of loss to actual damages. English law Cavendish/ParkingEye test: clause is a penalty if out of proportion to legitimate business interest.
Score the risk that a damages clause will be struck down as a penalty using the Cavendish Square [2015] test: whether the clause is out of proportion to the legitimate business interest protected. Applicable to English and Scottish law contracts.
Estimate financial exposure from force majeure invocation: lost contract value, additional costs, and termination triggers. Analyses common FM clause thresholds (days of delay, % cost increase) to determine likely clause activation.
Calculate when a force majeure event triggers termination rights based on the continuing event duration threshold in the FM clause. Models notice periods, cure periods, and termination compensation obligations.
Estimate cost and time impact of variation instructions in construction, engineering, and services contracts using schedule of rates, daywork, or fair valuation methodology per JCT/NEC/FIDIC contract terms.
Estimate recoverable damages for breach of a non-disclosure agreement: loss of competitive advantage, hypothetical licence fee, account of profits from the breaching party, and injunctive relief costs.
Assess whether a contract liability cap is commercially adequate given contract value, potential consequential loss exposure, indemnity obligations, and insurance coverage. Identifies uncapped exposures.
Score indemnity clause scope reasonableness considering breadth (all loss vs specific categories), fault threshold (strict vs negligence only), third-party claims coverage, and consequential loss inclusion.
Analyse whether a contractual statement is a warranty (contractual term entitling damages only) or a representation (inducing entry to contract, potentially giving rise to rescission and/or Misrepresentation Act 1967 damages).
Classify a contract term as condition (breach entitles termination), warranty (damages only), or innominate term (consequences depend on breach seriousness) under English contract law. Based on HK Fir Shipping principles.
Calculate UK statutory redundancy pay based on age, weekly pay (capped at £643/week for 2024/25), and complete years of service. Applies Employment Rights Act 1996 age-banded multipliers: 0.5 (under 22), 1.0 (22–40), 1.5 (41+).
Determine whether a planned US layoff triggers WARN Act 60-day advance notice requirements: 100+ employees, 50+ employees at a single site, or 33%+ of workforce at a site. Calculate penalties for non-compliance.
Estimate wrongful dismissal compensation (breach of contract) in England & Wales: loss of earnings during notice period, benefits, and bonuses. Distinct from unfair dismissal. No statutory cap applies to wrongful dismissal.
Calculate TUPE consultation obligations: minimum 30-day (or 45-day if 100+ employees transferring) advance information and consultation period, ELI disclosure deadline, and liability allocation between transferor and transferee.
Score the enforceability of a non-compete covenant by analysing duration, geographic scope, activity scope, and whether it protects a legitimate proprietary interest. Applies UK, US, and EU enforceability principles.
Calculate employer's pay obligation during garden leave (full salary + contractual benefits throughout notice period). Compare garden leave vs payment in lieu of notice (PILON) tax treatment and enforceability as a restrictive period.
Estimate commission owed on termination based on contract accrual rules, pipeline stage at dismissal, and Commercial Agents Regulations 1993 (UK) indemnity/compensation entitlement for self-employed agents.
Score the probability of a successful constructive dismissal claim in England & Wales: whether employer breached an express or implied term (typically mutual trust and confidence) and whether employee resigned in response.
Assess an organisation's vicarious liability exposure for a worker's tortious act under the two-stage Barclays Bank v Various Claimants [2020] UKSC test: (1) employee/akin-to-employee relationship; (2) close connection between role and wrong.
Estimate the settlement value of an employment tribunal claim (unfair dismissal, discrimination, whistleblowing) based on liability probability, basic award, compensatory award, injury to feelings, and litigation costs.
Apply the OECD interquartile range (IQR) arm's length test to transfer pricing. Calculates the acceptable range of controlled transaction prices using comparables, identifying prices outside the 25th–75th percentile range.
Calculate whether related-party debt financing passes the UK thin capitalisation arm's length test under TIOPA 2010 Part 4. Models HMRC's 1.5:1 safe harbour ratio and interest restriction under CIR rules.
Calculate the effective US tax rate on GILTI (Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income) from a US parent's controlled foreign corporations, including the 50% deduction (TCJA), 80% FTC, and QBAI (10% routine return exclusion).
Determine whether a US corporation is subject to the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (BEAT) by calculating the base erosion percentage: base erosion payments / total deductions. Threshold is 3% (2% for banks).
Calculate net interest expense deduction limit under OECD BEPS Action 4 rule: 30% of tax-EBITDA. Applies to UK CIR, EU ATAD, and US 163(j) limitation. Identifies disallowed interest carryforward.
Determine whether a controlled foreign corporation (CFC) triggers US Subpart F income inclusion for its US shareholders: passive income > the lesser of 5% of gross income or $1M. Applies IRC §§ 951–965.
Calculate whether a grant, subsidy, or government support measure falls within the EU de minimis aid threshold of €200,000 over 3 fiscal years (EC Regulation 1407/2013). Includes agriculture (€20,000) and transport (€100,000) lower thresholds.
Calculate GDPR administrative fine exposure: Tier 1 (up to €10M or 2% global annual turnover) for data processor obligations; Tier 2 (up to €20M or 4% global annual turnover) for core principles and data subject rights.
Calculate SEC disgorgement of net profits from securities law violations: gross trading profits or kickbacks minus legitimate costs (but not attorney fees). Liu v. SEC [2020] requires disgorgement to be no greater than net profits.
Assess presumptive market dominance based on market share thresholds: EU Commission presumes dominance > 50% and rebuttable below 40–50%; UK CMA uses 40%+ as indicative; US DoJ uses 50%+. Includes HHI concentration analysis.
Model the UK CMA's SLC (Substantial Lessening of Competition) test for merger review: market share, entry barriers, counterfactual analysis, and coordinated effects. Applies Enterprise Act 2002 s.22/33.
Score the likelihood of CFIUS national security concerns for a proposed foreign investment in a US business using FIRRMA risk factors: TID US business status, foreign government nexus, critical technology, critical infrastructure, and sensitive personal data.
Calculate AML reporting thresholds: FinCEN CTR ($10,000 US cash transactions), EU 5th AML Directive (€10,000 cash purchase threshold), and suspicious activity report (SAR) trigger indicators for structuring.
Calculate customer KYC (Know Your Customer) risk score for AML CDD purposes. Tiers customers into standard, enhanced, or simplified due diligence based on country risk, PEP status, industry, business relationship type, and transaction patterns.
Estimate sanctions screening false positive and false negative rates based on fuzzy matching threshold, list freshness, name variant coverage, and customer base demographics. Models OFAC SDN, UN, EU, and OFSI screening.
Calculate potential SEC whistleblower award: 10–30% of sanctions collected exceeding $1M (Dodd-Frank Section 922). Models discretionary factors increasing/decreasing the award percentage.
Calculate net per-class-member recovery in a class action settlement after deducting attorneys' fees (25–33% of common fund), litigation expenses, notice costs, and administration fees.
Estimate expert witness total cost for litigation: preparation time (hours × rate), deposition, trial testimony, and report production. Benchmarks by discipline: medical ($400–800/hr), financial ($500–1,200/hr), technical ($300–600/hr).
Calculate a litigation funder's expected IRR from case investment: funding amount, case duration, probability of success, expected damages, and funder's share (typically 20–40% of recovery or 3–5× funded amount).
Compare total dispute resolution cost between mediation (1–2 days, mediator fees £1,500–5,000/day, legal prep), commercial arbitration (ICC/LCIA fees by claim value), and High Court litigation (issue fee, trial costs, counsel fees).
Calculate the subrogation recovery amount an insurer can pursue from an at-fault third party: recovery = loss paid × at-fault percentage. Applies to motor, property, liability, and health insurance subrogation rights.
Calculate each insurer's contribution where two or more policies cover the same risk: independent liability method (each pays its proportion of the full loss) vs maximum liability method (each pays pro-rata of its policy limit).
Determine whether a vehicle or property qualifies as a total loss based on the total loss threshold ratio: repair cost / actual cash value (ACV). Most US states and UK insurers declare a total loss when repair cost exceeds 60–80% of ACV.
Estimate UM/UIM (uninsured/underinsured motorist) claim recovery: applicable limits, offset against at-fault driver's policy limits, and stacking rules across multiple policies.
Calculate property reinstatement (rebuild) cost for insurance sum insured purposes: floor area (m²) × RICS/BCIS rebuild rate (per m²) + professional fees (10–15%) + debris removal + planning costs.
Calculate business interruption insurance claim value: gross profit × reduction in turnover / annual turnover × indemnity period, plus increased costs of working (ICOW). Applies to material damage trigger and contingent BI.
Calculate public liability claim frequency rate = claims per year / exposure (visitor-hours, footfall, or revenue). Used for risk management benchmarking, insurance premium negotiation, and safety investment ROI.
Estimate the value of retroactive professional indemnity cover based on years of retroactive period, historic fee income, industry claims frequency, and current sum insured adequacy.
Calculate the premium allocation and coverage analysis for Directors & Officers (D&O) insurance Side A (individual directors, non-indemnifiable losses), Side B (company reimburses directors), and Side C (entity securities coverage).
Estimate W&I (warranty and indemnity) insurance premium for an M&A transaction: typically 0.8–1.8% of insured limit. Models limit selection, retention (deductible), transaction value, and sector risk adjustment.
Calculate annual carbon compliance cost under EU ETS, UK ETS, or California Cap-and-Trade: verified emissions × allowance price, including free allocation offset and penalty for non-compliance (€100/tonne EU ETS).
Calculate the theoretically optimal Pigouvian tax level equal to the marginal external cost (MEC) of a negative externality (pollution, carbon, congestion). Internalises the social cost of market failures.
Calculate the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) liability for imports of steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, hydrogen, and electricity: embedded carbon (tonnes CO₂/tonne product) × EU ETS price − carbon price already paid in country of origin.
Calculate mandatory 10% biodiversity net gain (BNG) requirement under Environment Act 2021 (England): baseline habitat units × 1.1. Shows on-site/off-site/statutory credit pathway and BNG metric (Defra Biodiversity Metric 4.0).
Estimate the impact of ESG rating changes on cost of equity and debt: academic evidence suggests 1-notch ESG upgrade reduces cost of equity by ~10–30 bps and investment-grade bond spread by ~5–15 bps.
Build a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. Ranks decarbonisation interventions by £/tonne CO₂e cost to identify cheapest pathways to net zero targets.
Calculate the value and compliance cost of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs in the US) and GOs (Guarantees of Origin in the EU) based on renewable portfolio standard (RPS) obligations, penalty price, and market REC prices.
Estimate environmental contamination remediation cost by contaminant type (hydrocarbons, heavy metals, chlorinated solvents), site size, depth of contamination, and remediation technology (soil vapour extraction, bioremediation, pump-and-treat).
Calculate limitation period for environmental pollution claims under the discovery rule: time runs from when the claimant knew or ought reasonably to have known of the damage and its cause. Models Limitation Act 1980 s.14A and EPA CERCLA/RCRA statutes of limitations.
Score corporate climate litigation risk based on emissions disclosure accuracy, net zero commitments vs actual trajectory, greenwashing exposure, and jurisdiction (US, EU, Australia). References Urgenda, Milieudefensie v Shell, and SEC climate disclosure rules.
Calculate UK Child Maintenance Service (CMS) weekly child maintenance: 12% net income (1 child), 16% (2 children), 19% (3+ children), before shared care night reductions. Includes variations for shared care (1/7 per night above threshold).
Estimate US child support under the income shares model (used by 40 states): both parents' incomes combined to determine total support obligation, then divided pro-rata. Includes daycare, health insurance, and extraordinary expense adjustments.
Estimate spousal maintenance (alimony) duration using the marriage length × 0.5 heuristic and the Miller v Miller needs-based framework. Covers joint lives orders, term orders, and clean break principles under MCA 1973.
Calculate pension share value: Cash Equivalent Transfer Value (CETV) × agreed percentage (Pension Sharing Order). Models pension debit and credit, valuing both DB and DC schemes. Includes solicitor and pension scheme earmarking charges.
Model equitable distribution of marital assets in divorce: 50/50 starting point (English law), adjusted for contributions, needs, compensation, and sharing principles. Identifies matrimonial vs non-matrimonial property.
Calculate the add-back to marital estate for assets dissipated by one spouse: reckless spending, gifts to third parties, gambling losses, and deliberate waste during separation. Applies to US equitable distribution and English s.25 MCA 1973 analysis.
Score a prenuptial (or post-nuptial) agreement's enforceability in England & Wales using the Radmacher v Granatino [2010] UKSC principles: free consent, understanding, no undue influence, and whether enforcement would be fair.
Score the probability of court approval for international relocation with a child based on applicant's genuine reasons, left-behind parent's Hague Convention rights, child's welfare (paramountcy principle), and contact arrangements proposed.
Score the probability of a grandparent obtaining a Child Arrangements Order for contact in England & Wales. Grandparents must first obtain leave of court (s.10(8) Children Act 1989) before applying.
Estimate total surrogacy costs: altruistic (UK, Canada: expenses only ~£15,000–30,000) vs commercial (US: $80,000–$150,000+). Includes agency fees, IVF, legal fees for parental order, and surrogate's reasonable expenses.
Calculate daily liquidated damages entitlement for construction delay under JCT, NEC4, and FIDIC contracts. Covers the employer's obligation to issue a non-completion certificate and the contractor's culpable delay obligation.
Calculate construction contract retention deductions and release dates: 5% withheld until practical completion (PC) reduced to 2.5%, then released at end of Defects Liability Period (DLP). Models JCT and NEC4 retention structures.
Calculate DLP end date and contractor obligations: rectify defects notified during 12–24 months post practical completion. Distinguish inherent defects (contractor liable) from fair wear and tear (employer risk).
Estimate compensation event (CE) value under NEC4 ECC: defined costs + fee + delay to Completion Date. Models NEC4's forecasting methodology for quotations and Project Manager assessment.
Estimate JCT loss and expense claim quantum under clauses 4.20–4.26 JCT SBC: prolongation costs (site overheads), disruption costs (productivity loss), head office overheads (Emden/Hudson formula), and interest/finance charges.
Calculate FIDIC contract variation (Clause 13) cost and time impact: rate-based valuation, daywork rates, and Clause 12.3 adjustment where quantities increase >10%. Models Sub-Clause 20.1 notice requirements for claim preservation.
Estimate performance bond call value: on-demand bond (callable without proof of breach, typically 10% contract sum) vs conditional bond (requires proof of contractor default). Models recovery and counter-indemnity obligations.
Calculate the value and enforceability risk of a parent company guarantee (PCG) for construction or services contracts: exposure = contractor's likely losses on default, credit quality of parent, and solvency distance assessment.
Estimate the value and risk allocation of collateral warranties in construction projects: assignment rights (typically 2–3 times), step-in rights, net contribution clauses, and alternative use of Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
Estimate adjudication costs and recovery prospects: adjudicator fees (£15,000–50,000), party legal and expert costs (£10,000–200,000+), and enforcement via summary judgment. Adjudication decisions are temporarily binding under Housing Grants Act 1996.
Calculate ICSID arbitration fees by claim value using the ICSID Schedule of Fees (2022 update): filing fee ($25,000), annual administrative charges per arbitrator, and tribunal member fees (£6,000/day Standard or higher agreed rates).
Compare domestic withholding tax rates vs reduced treaty rates for dividends, interest, and royalties under bilateral double taxation agreements (DTAs). Supports OECD Model Convention Articles 10, 11, and 12.
Calculate the gap between WTO bound tariff rate (maximum committed rate) and the currently applied MFN (Most Favoured Nation) tariff. The gap ('water') allows tariff increases without WTO violations up to the bound rate.
Calculate Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax (QDMTT) or IIR (Income Inclusion Rule) top-up under OECD Pillar Two GloBE rules: top-up tax rate = max(0, 15% − ETR) × (income − substance-based income exclusion).
Score the probability that government conduct toward a foreign investor breaches the Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard in a bilateral investment treaty: legitimate expectations, transparency, due process, proportionality, and non-arbitrariness.
Score the treaty shopping anti-avoidance risk under the OECD MLI Principal Purpose Test (PPT): whether one of the principal purposes of a transaction or arrangement was to obtain treaty benefits (BEPS Action 6, OECD/G20 MLI Article 7).
Determine whether a financial account triggers FATCA reporting to the IRS: individual accounts $50,000 (domestic), $200,000 (overseas); entity accounts $250,000. Applies to FFIs (Foreign Financial Institutions) under IGA Model 1 and 2.
Identify CRS (Common Reporting Standard) reporting obligations for financial accounts held by non-resident individuals: 120+ participating jurisdictions, account type thresholds, and OECD Auto Exchange of Information (AEOI) framework.
Calculate OECD Pillar One Amount A reallocation: 25% of residual profit above 10% profitability threshold allocated to market jurisdictions based on revenue sourcing rules. Applies to MNEs with revenue >$20B and profit margin >10%.
Assess EU Digital Services Act (DSA) obligations for platforms based on monthly active users: VLOP/VLOSE designation threshold (45M EU users, ~10% EU population), systemic risk assessments, algorithmic audits, and ad transparency requirements.